Defendant-appellant Nora Seidensticker (Seidensticker) appeals a judgment on a state law claim of slander brought by plaintiff-appellee Dr. Joseph Sarmiento (Sarmiento). Finding that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear Sarmiento's claims against Seidensticker, we vacate the judgment with instructions to dismiss.

In 1985, Sarmiento moved with his wife to the small town of Comfort, Texas, intending to establish a veterinary practice. Not long thereafter, through a bizarre series of events, Sarmiento lost his practice, his reputation, and finally, his wife.

According to Sarmiento, the first step leading to his downfall was a dispute over a house between him and Jack Hall, a resident of Comfort. As a result of that dispute, Hall allegedly threatened Sarmiento that Hall's mother (Seidensticker), who ran a local cafe, would use her connections with the local law enforcement officers to ruin Sarmiento's business and drive him from the town.

A few weeks later, on October 24, 1986, an undercover investigator with the Texas Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners (TBVME), acting on a tip that Sarmiento was not licensed to practice veterinary medicine in Texas,1 brought a dog into Sarmiento's clinic for treatment. Sarmiento examined the dog and administered a rabies vaccine. On October 29, Sarmiento was arrested by local sheriffs, who made quite a display by arriving in five police cars and handcuffing Sarmiento in the presence of his wife, his pastor, several clients, and a reporter from a local radio station. The officers engaged in an investigation following Sarmiento's arrest with similar zeal, ransacking Sarmiento's clinic in search of narcotics, and confiscating nearly all of his medical equipment, including Sarmiento's conspicuously labeled mobile veterinary van. Sarmiento was taken to jail and charged with, inter alia, practicing medicine without a license and dispensing illegal narcotics. Although Sarmiento was able to post bail and obtain his release from jail the next day, his van remained parked in front of the courthouse for four days as a constant reminder of Sarmiento's arrest. All charges against Sarmiento were subsequently dropped, but not before two area newspapers recounted in detail the events surrounding Sarmiento's arrest.

These events had a profound effect on Sarmiento and his family. Sarmiento's notorious arrest precipitated a sharp decline in his business such that it was no longer viable; the clinic was finally closed in March of 1989. His personality was also affected, which led to marital difficulties culminating in divorce. Finding his newly adopted community to be less than comforting, Sarmiento subsequently left to practice in Florida.

Meanwhile, on October 29, 1987, while still a Texas resident and citizen, Sarmiento filed a complaint in federal district court2 under 42 U.S.C. Secs. 1983 and 1988 alleging civil rights violations by several named defendants: the TBVME; the County of Kendall, Texas; six officers of Kendall County Sheriff's Department; and the veterinarian who provided the tip to the TBVME. All defendants were citizens of Texas. Jurisdiction was alleged with respect to these claims under 28 U.S.C. Secs. 1331 (federal question) and 1343(a)(3) and (4) (civil rights); Sarmiento also invoked the pendent jurisdiction of the district court over two causes of action grounded on common law slander, one of which was against Seidensticker, likewise a Texas citizen. Notably, no federal claims were asserted against Seidensticker.3 The claims against the other defendants were disposed of before trial by stipulation or dismissed on the grounds of qualified immunity, leaving only the slander claim against Seidensticker to proceed to trial. However, neither party questioned the district court's jurisdiction at that point.

At trial, Sarmiento proceeded to prove that certain defamatory statements by Seidensticker caused injury to his business and his reputation. Three residents of Comfort testified that they had heard Seidensticker discuss Sarmiento disparagingly in front of patrons in her cafe. The six-member jury concluded that Seidensticker had in fact maliciously made damaging slanderous remarks, and awarded Sarmiento $600,000 in actual and punitive damages. This appeal followed.

Seidensticker raises two points of error: (1) the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear Sarmiento's slander claim against her; and (2) the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's findings. Because we conclude that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case against Seidensticker, which involved only a state law claim, we do not reach Seidensticker's point of error on sufficiency of the evidence.

It is a fundamental principle of federal jurisprudence, too basic to require citation of authority, that the federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They are empowered to hear only those cases that are within the constitutional grant of judicial power, and that have been entrusted to them by a jurisdictional grant enacted by Congress. See Insurance Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 102 S. Ct. 2099, 2104, 72 L. Ed. 2d 492, cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1105, 102 S. Ct. 2902, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1312 (1982). Due to the nature of the federal courts, a lack of subject matter jurisdiction may not be waived by the parties by consent, conduct, or even by estoppel. See American Fire & Casualty Co. v. Finn, 341 U.S. 6, 71 S. Ct. 534, 541-42, 95 L. Ed. 702 (1951); Ziegler v. Champion Mortgage Co., 913 F.2d 228, 229 (5th Cir.1990). This doctrine is reenforced by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provide that "whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the action." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(3). Moreover, "[a]n appellate federal court must satisfy itself not only of its own jurisdiction, but also that of the lower courts in a cause under review." Ziegler, 913 F.2d at 229 (citing Mitchell v. Maurer, 293 U.S. 237, 55 S. Ct. 162, 165, 79 L. Ed. 338 (1934)). Therefore, even at this late stage of the proceedings, we are bound to determine whether the district court properly exercised jurisdiction over Sarmiento's slander claim against Seidensticker.

We first evaluate Sarmiento's pleadings to determine whether they allege a federal claim against Seidensticker, noting that if a federal question exists, it must appear in the complaint. Generally, if it appears from the face of the complaint that a federal claim is without merit, the court should dismiss for failure to state a claim, and not on jurisdictional grounds. Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 66 S. Ct. 773, 776, 90 L. Ed. 939 (1946). However, dismissal for want of jurisdiction is appropriate if the federal claim is frivolous or a mere matter of form. Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 94 S. Ct. 1372, 1382, 39 L. Ed. 2d 577 (1974); Bell, 66 S. Ct. at 776.

Sarmiento's federal claims, which alleged civil rights violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, and several Texas statutes, were brought under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983.4 Section 1983 provides:

"Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress...." 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983.

The persons expressly sued by Sarmiento under this provision were government entities, representatives or employees. In contrast, Seidensticker was sued as a private individual; indeed, she ran a small cafe and had no ties to any government body or agency. Although the Supreme Court has held that a private person who is a willful participant in a joint activity with the state is acting under color of state law for purposes of section 1983, see Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 102 S. Ct. 2744, 2749 n. 9, 73 L. Ed. 2d 482 (1982), nowhere in the complaint does Sarmiento allege that Seidensticker was engaged in any conspiracy with the governmental officials or employees. In his seventh cause of action, which is the only cause of action against Seidensticker, Sarmiento refers only to alleged slanderous statements made to "third parties" by Seidensticker. Although Sarmiento incorporates the preceding allegations in the complaint "by reference," there is absolutely no allegation whatsoever, in any part of the complaint, that Seidensticker acted in concert with any governmental officials or employees to trump up criminal charges or otherwise take action against Sarmiento. In fact, the alleged slanderous remarks by Seidensticker purportedly were made on October 30, 1986, the day after the much publicized arrest.5

Sarmiento's complaint alleges as to Seidensticker only a state law claim and provides no colorable basis for the assertion of federal question jurisdiction over Seidensticker.

Because the district court had no independent federal jurisdictional basis over Seidensticker,6 and the claims against her sound entirely in state law, this case raises the problem of pendent-party jurisdiction, a variant of pendent-claim jurisdiction. The viability of pendent-party jurisdiction, which encompasses not only hearing additional claims between parties already properly before the court, but also the joining of additional parties over whom there is no independent basis of federal jurisdiction, has been much debated since the Supreme Court's recognition of pendent-claim jurisdiction in United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 86 S. Ct. 1130, 16 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1966).7 In the face of this debate, the Supreme Court began to whittle away at the concept, beginning with Aldinger v. Howard, 427 U.S. 1, 96 S. Ct. 2413, 49 L. Ed. 2d 276 (1976), in which the Court differentiated between pendent-claim jurisdiction and pendent-party jurisdiction, noting:

"From a purely factual point of view, it is one thing to authorize two parties, already present in federal court by virtue of a case over which the court has jurisdiction, to litigate in addition to their federal claim a state-law claim over which there is no independent basis of federal jurisdiction. But it is quite another thing to permit a plaintiff, who has asserted a claim against one defendant with respect to which there is federal jurisdiction, to join an entirely different defendant on the basis of a state-law claim over which there is no independent basis of federal jurisdiction, simply because his claim against the first defendant and his claim against the second defendant 'derive from a common nucleus of operative fact.' ... [T]he addition of a completely new party would run counter to the well-established principle that federal courts, as opposed to state trial courts of general jurisdiction, are courts of limited jurisdiction marked out by Congress." Aldinger, 96 S. Ct. at 2420 (quoting Gibbs, 86 S. Ct. at 1138).

The Court, however, refused "to formulate any general, all-encompassing jurisdictional rule," and instead focused squarely on the precise issues before it. Id. at 2419. The plaintiff had brought her suit under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 against several individuals. Spokane County, Washington, was also a named defendant, but the claims against it, though arising out of the same facts, were based solely on state law, as counties were then not deemed to be "persons" within section 1983.8 The Court found that the relevant jurisdictional statute was 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1343 because in the then current state of the law counties were excluded from liability under section 1983. Id. at 2421. Giving "careful attention to the relevant statutory language," the Court concluded that 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1343 and 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 required a holding that the federal courts had no jurisdiction over state law claims brought against parties excluded from liability under these statutes. Id. at 2421-2422. The Court expressly left open the question of whether pendent-party jurisdiction would be proper in a situation in which the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction over the plaintiff's federal claims, since only in the federal forum could all of the claims be tried together. Id. at 2422.

The Aldinger decision gave only a partial answer to the question of pendent-party jurisdiction, and for several years the subsequent cases did "not fall into any single pattern." 13B C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice & Procedure, Sec. 3567.2 (1984). However, the Supreme Court's decision in Finley v. United States, 490 U.S. 545, 109 S. Ct. 2003, 104 L. Ed. 2d 593 (1989),9 has largely ended the debate on the scope and continued viability of the concept of pendent-party jurisdiction. Although the Finley court assumed, without deciding, that pendent-party jurisdiction would be within the constitutional grant of federal judicial power, it held that "an affirmative grant of pendent-party jurisdiction" must be found in a statute. Finley, 109 S. Ct. at 2009. The Court stated: " ... Aldinger indicated that the Gibbs approach would not be extended to the pendent-party field, and we decide today to retain that line." Id. at 2010. Finley also put to rest the exclusive jurisdiction dicta in Aldinger, holding that even under the Federal Tort Claims Act, over which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, the federal courts may not entertain pendent-party state claims. Finley at 2009-2010. Therefore, the present operating principle is that pendent-party jurisdiction does not exist, unless Congress has expressly spoken to allow it. Accordingly, this Court, along with others, has read Finley as sounding the death knell for pendent-party jurisdiction. See, e.g., Iron Workers Mid-South Pension Fund v. Terotechnology Corp., 891 F.2d 548, 551 (5th Cir.) (holding that pendent parties may not be joined in an ERISA action), cert. denied sub nom Iron Workers Mid-South Pension Fund v. Borden Chemical, --- U.S. ----, 110 S. Ct. 3272, 111 L. Ed. 2d 782 (1990);10 Staffer v. Bouchard Transportation Co., 878 F.2d 638, 643 n. 5 (2d Cir.1989) (commenting that pendent-party jurisdiction is no longer a viable concept).11

In our view, Finley resolves the present jurisdictional issue with a clear rule of statutory construction. Consistent with the Court's directive in Finley, we have examined the statutes underlying Sarmiento's federal claims. However, our task is an easy one because the Aldinger court resolved for us in the negative the issue of whether section 1983 grants pendent-party jurisdiction.12 See Ortega v. Schramm, 922 F.2d 684, 690-93 (11th Cir.1991). See also Stallworth v. City of Cleveland, 893 F.2d 830, 838 (6th Cir.1990). Accordingly, applying the clear interpretive rule set out in Finley, we hold that Sarmiento's claims against Seidensticker must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.13

For the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court against Seidensticker is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED with instructions to DISMISS Sarmiento's claims against Seidensticker for want of subject matter jurisdiction.